The twelfth Capetian king, he reigned from only 1314 to 1316. His father accused Louis’s wife of adultery on the flimsiest of grounds. Did she survive it?
Louis X, the Quarrelsome, King of France
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Author Archives: James M. Arlandson
Philip IV the Handsome, King of France
The eleventh king in the Capetian dynasty, Philip IV the Fair or Good Looking (le Bel in the French of that day) was born in 1268 and ruled from 1285 to 1314. Was he able to destroy the Knights Templar?
Philip III the Bold, King of France
The Bold in English and le Hardi in French, he was born in 1245 and reigned from 1270 to 1285. He was the tenth in the line of Capetian kings.
Louis IX, the Saintly King of France
The ninth Capetian king, he was born in 1214 and ruled from 1226 to 1270. He was an extra-pious king and was soon declared a saint after his death. Pope Boniface VIII called him a “superman,” religiously speaking.
Louis VIII the Lion, King of France
He was born in 1187, the eighth in the dynasty, and ruled only from 1223 to 1226. He and his father Philip II Augustus were kings when Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III were kings of England. Fireworks!
Philip II Augustus
Philip, the seventh Capetian, born in 1165, reigned from 1179 to 1223 and was nicknamed Augustus (why?). On a personal note, he had a strange wedding ceremony with the young princess Ingeborg of Denmark (some say it was witchcraft). But politically, he expanded his royal domain to the detriment of the English Plantagenets.
Louis VII, King of France
For those who care about the triangle of Louis – Eleanor of Aquitaine – Henry of Anjou (later King Henry II of England), this post is for those readers. Yet Louis had to depend on the church to annul (divorce) his wife Eleanor.
Louis VI, the Fat
He is the fifth Capetian of that dynasty, ruling from 1108 to 1137. He had the help of Abbot Suger, a superior administrator and the famous architect of the basilica of St. Denis.
Philip I, King of France
The fourth Capetian king of France, he was born in 1052 or 1053 and began his reign as a minor in 1059 (or 1060) until his death in 1108. He came of age when the William the Conqueror was strong, so Philip’s reign was overshadowed.
Henri I, King of France
He was the third Capetian king and born in 1008 and ruled from 1031 to his death in 1060. His reign was overshadowed by William of Normandy, future duke there and the Conqueror of England in 1066.
Robert II, the Pious, King of France
Nicknamed the Pious, Robert (b. c. 972-1031) was the son of Hugh Capet, the namesake of the Capetians, father of Henri, King of France, and father of Adela (or Adelaide), the mother-in-law of William the Conqueror.
Hugh Capet, King of France
Hugh (c. 939-996) is the namesake of the Capetian dynasty, the first king. The Capetians reigned in an all-male succession to 1328. Through collateral lines his descendants ruled up to and after the French Revolution. Text of the oath he swore at his coronation is included.
Hugh the Great
Hugh (d. 956) was a transitional figure between his father Robert I and mother Beatrix (female descendant of Charlemagne) and his son Hugh Capet, after whom the Capetian dynasty is named. Continue reading
Robert I
Robert (865-923) was of the Robertian line in France, which feeds into the Capetians.
Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
Herbert (880 to 943) was the count of Vermandois. His line is called the Herbertines or the House of Vermandois.
Herbert I, Count of Vermandois
Herbert I was a great-great-grandson of Charlemagne, and his daughter Beatrix married Robert I, grandfather of Hugh Capet, the namesake of the Capetian dynasty.
Pippin, Great-Grandson of Charlemagne
This post may be the shortest one yet! Here are the known vital statistics.
Bernard, King of Italy
Living from about 797 to 818, he was the grandson of Charlemagne and king of Italy. He also had his eyes gouged out by his uncle.
Pippin, Son of Charlemagne
There are several Pippins among the Carolingians. This Pippin (773-810) was Charlemagne’s son and the father of Bernard, king of Italy.
Charlemagne: Interesting Facts and Stories
He lived from 748 to 814. He was the greatest ruler in the Medieval Age in his known world and surpassed the conquests and glory of many kings for centuries.
Glossary of Medieval Terms: A to Z
This is a handy, quick reference to terms and concepts of class structure, offices, units of land measurements, taxes, and so on. Great for students and researchers. Good for research in earliest colonial America, too, since many of the terms survived to then.
Does Romans Promise Salvation by Good Works?
Some believe that in the epistle to the Romans Paul promises salvation through good works. The answer is not as clear as some interpreters claim.
What Is the Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit?
A small percentage of people are anxious about this, but what does the Bible say? Can people commit this sin today?
Another Fatal Flaw in ‘Death Roe’
Roe v. Wade (1973) is important to Americans. However, let’s expose one more weakness in it. Then it might cease being so important because it was so badly argued.
Should We Call It ‘Tongues’?
The Greek texts actually call it ‘languages.’ What should we call it today?
The Purpose and Importance of Spiritual Languages
The Bible is clear that this wonderful gift has divine purposes. What are they?
What Is Moral Law?
It is sometimes called natural law. Can reason and the conscience perceive it? What does the Bible say?
Word Study on Joy
What are the differences between happiness and joy and blessedness? Are the differences all that strong?
Word Study on Kindness
The Spirit needs to develop it in us.
Word Study on Peace
Do you have high anxiety or panic attacks? Read this post and look for God’s promises.
Word Study on Goodness and Good
If we all practiced goodness, the world would be a better place. What does the Bible teach?
Word Study on Judgment
What does the Bible really say about the judge and his judgment? Let’s do an old-fashioned biblical word study.
Word Study on Self-Control
This virtue is needed in the believer’s life. Without it, we are chaotic.
Word Study on Praise and Worship
Lots of key Hebrew and Greek words, all spelled out in simple English, easy to follow. Under each word are practical applications.
Word Study on ‘Loves’
There are several words for love in the New Testament, we briefly look at them, but first focus on agapē.
Word Study on Spirit, Soul, and Body
Here are the key terms, in easy-to-read Hebrew and Greek, spelled out in English.
Word Study on Salvation
Various Hebrew and Greek words are looked at in this post. They are spelled out in English. One issue covered here: Is healing included in the key Greek words?
Sanctification: Can Christians Achieve Sinless Perfection Now?
Some major denominations have taught this. What do the Scriptures say?
How Is Sanctification Done?
God has his part, but we have our part too. What’s the balance?
Bible Basics on Sanctification and Holiness
These are the basics of this neglected biblical doctrine—this doctrine that becomes a reality in your life.
Word Study on Repentance
The word is often brushed over lightly. Here is an easy-to-follow article with Hebrew and Greek spelled out for you in English.
Bible Basics about Covenants
What is a biblical covenant? This is the post you need to read first in the biblical covenant series.
God’s New Covenant
Let’s never give up on Christ’s sacrifice on the cross, leaving him up there as a mere martyr who was unfortunately put to death for being merely a good man. His sacrificial death is much deeper than that.
God’s Covenant with David
Has this covenant been fulfilled in Christ? If so, does this mean Israel does not have a right to exist as a Jewish state, as some Christians believe?
The Sinai Covenant
It begins in Exodus 19, and the Ten Commandments were delivered in Exodus 20. Is it a covenant of grace and law or law and what exactly?
God’s Covenant with Abraham
Are the covenants made with Abraham still in force? Are there more than one? A related, subsequent question: Do Jews have a biblical right to live in Israel today?
God’s Covenant with Noah
After God exercised his justice-wrath-judgment, he made a covenant with Noah. Is it relevant to us today?
God’s Covenant with Adam
Adam’s name means “humankind.” He represents all of humanity. Let’s see what we can learn from his story.
Covenant of Redemption
A council took place in heaven. The Triunity agreed that they would reach down to humanity and redeem it. It was a rescue mission. This agreement is also a covenant—the Covenant of Redemption.
Is Our Sin Nature Embedded in Our Mammal Nature?
Consider the parallels in the long table in this post. It reveals who we are. God’s gigantic global project for us humans is to lift us out of our mammal-sin nature and recover the image of God in Christ.
Human Sin: Original and Our Committed Sin
Whether it is original sin, or the sins we actually commit, the solution is the same: Jesus and his sacrificial, atoning death.
Bible Basics about Sin: Word Studies
It’s a word that is unpopular today, but it is thoroughly biblical and accurate about human nature. This post is full of easy-to-follow word studies. A solution is offered!
Angels: Questions and Answers
If you need a good summary post with sound theology on how angels operate in your life and other “angelic issues,” this is your post.
Angels: Their Duties and Missions
Renewalists believe that angels are real. Many of us have seen them, either in our dreams or in person.
Angels: Their Names and Ranks and Heavenly Existence
The Scriptures clarify that angels are real, and so is their heavenly dimension where they live.
Angels: Their Origins, Abilities, and Nature
Renewalists (Pentecostals, Charismatics and Neo-Charismatics) believe that angels appear to people in their dreams or in person, even today. It is God’s ongoing ministry to us. But we must get our biblical doctrine straight, or we can stray.
Who Was the Angel of the Lord?
He can be identified with the preincarnate Son of God, before he became a human at his birth. But where are those verses? And can all of the verses describing an angelic visitation refer to Jesus?
Bible Basics about Deliverance
Deliverance and maintaining lasting freedom from satanic oppression includes these essential ingredients.
Magic, Witchcraft, Sorcery, and Fortunetelling
You have to avoid those things. Here’s why.
Satan and Demons: Personal
This post covers Satan and his attack on people—even you at times. And so can Christians ‘have’ a demon or be demon-possessed or demonized? Can we rebuke demonic rulers over a city or region?
Satan and Demons: Theology
Renewalists believe in sound doctrine, and they believe in victory through Christ over the kingdom of darkness.
Satan and Demons: Origins
This post tells what the Bible says about where Satan came from (if this can be known) and how he became evil.
The Trinity: What Are the Basics?
If you want to learn the basics, this post is for you, in a convenient Q&A format.
The Trinity: What Are Key Terms?
It’s important to define the terms, so the rest of the doctrine of the Trinity can be clear—or clear enough.
The Trinity: What Are Some Illustrations?
The illustrations must not be taken as perfect and all-revealing. Each has weaknesses. But they can still help.
The Trinity: What Does the Old Testament Say?
The inner life of God is rich and plural within unity or oneness.
The Trinity: Three Persons Together in the New Testament
The Father Son, and Holy Spirit appear everywhere in the New Testament, but here are five famous declarations of the three persons in the same passage.
The Trinity: What Do Theologians Say?
Here are what a few long-time professional theologians say about it. They will keep your thoughts in order—or show you how much a mystery the Trinity is!
The Trinity: What Are Each Person’s Roles in Creation and Redemption?
Updated: The two areas interact—God created, but his highest creation fell. Now humans need redemption. How does the Trinity accomplish this?
The Trinity: What Does ‘Only Begotten Son’ Mean in John 3:16?
This is the most important and well-known verse in the Bible, but do we consider what that phrase means?
The Trinity: What Do Arians and Jehovah’s Witnesses Teach?
This article covers the Arian heresy and its modern-day equivalent in the Jehovah’s Witnesses.
The Trinity: What Are Defective Ideas?
A prominent pastor said on global Christian television (paraphrased): “God the Father, God the Son, and God the Spirit. See? Three Gods! Right? All agree? Okay!” Not okay. We must learn about defective teachings, so we can steer clear of them.
The Trinity: What Are Replies to Objections?
Here are standard objections and answers to them.
The Trinity: Why Would God Seem So Complicated?
The Trinity—also called Triunity or three persons contained in one God—is who God is in his fullest united, one essence.
The Trinity: What Does God Mean to Me?
Some over-thinking Christians would like to scrap the Trinity. Bad idea. Let’s see how the doctrine to our daily lives and relationship with God.
The Spirit in the Old Testament
The New Covenant Scriptures take over these Scriptures in the Old Covenant. But we have a better covenant and we have more anointing and power and abiding presence than the Old Covenant believers did.
The Spirit’s Deity and Divine Attributes
Renewalists believe that the Spirit has the divine nature and attributes of God. This post summarizes Scripture references and has a summary table of the attributes that the Father, Son, and Spirit share.
The Person of the Spirit
He is a person, and not a “force” or an “influence.” The Spirit is a “he,” not an “it.” But what is a person, anyway? Update: This post now has a long list of facets of his person and his ministry.
Titles of the Holy Spirit
They can also be considered the names of the Spirit. It is great for Renewalists and everyone else to experience him. But do they really know him?
Images of the Holy Spirit
These images appear in Scripture, and they reveal the Spirit’s personhood. Images help us understand him better.
The Spirit in the Life of Christ
The Spirit was given to Jesus without limit. We too can share in this anointing, but we have to follow Jesus, or else we might run out ahead of him and minister on our own.
3. What Does the Glory of God Mean to Us?
He shares it with us. It means everything to your life in Christ. Let is shine on you.
2. What Is the Glory of God in the New Testament?
It flows out of the Old Testament and expands its meaning to include the Son and the Spirit.
1. The Glory of God in the Old Testament
God shares this attribute with us, in manifesting his presence, even visibly sometimes. God’s glory can even include material prosperity. Don’t believe it?
Our Partial Victory in Vietnam
They were commissioned to stop communism from spreading, which is the most widespread, evil ideology ever to be devised by the Committee Room in Hell, directly responsible for killing over a hundred million people in a short time.
1. Do I Really Know Jesus? His Entire Existence in One Image
His entire existence in one panoramic image.
2. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Was the Preincarnate God
Who was he before he came to earth?
3. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Was God Incarnate
What does ‘incarnation’ mean? What does emptying oneself mean? Basics in a Q & A format.
5. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Came Down from Heaven
Some say the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are silent about this claim. But they are not, if you know where to look.
6. Do I Really Know Jesus? Why Did He Become a Man?
Was it necessary? What did it accomplish? What does it mean to you?
7. Do I Really Know Jesus? Thirty Truths about His Life
People would make Jesus in their image. But who was he really, as defined by those who knew him best or heard from those who did?
8. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Was Sinless
Can we dispense with the notion that Jesus as a simple peasant, a godly one, from Galilee, but no more than that?
9. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Died for You
Jesus came with the express purpose of preaching the good news of the kingdom, living a godly life, and dying as a sacrifice for our sins.
10. Do I Really Know Jesus? Did He Descend into Hades to Preach?
Certain denominations teach that Jesus went into hell (or the underworld) to preach to confined human souls. True?
12. Do I Really Know Jesus? What Was His Resurrected Body Like?
It was a physical body, but it had a spiritual dimension. A new era had been ushered in—for us, foretelling our future state after we die.
13. Do I Really Know Jesus? His Resurrection Changes Everything
It is the central message of the New Testament. His resurrection means everything to you.
14. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Appeared to His Disciples
We Renewalists—those belonging to the worldwide, historical Renewal Movements—also believe he still appears to people today.
15. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Ascended into Heaven
Here are the basics about his ascension.
16. Do I Really Know Jesus? His Ascension Means Everything
It jump-starts our new life in Christ—we can renew our minds and hearts by thinking on it.
17. Do I Really Know Jesus? He Is Seated at Right Hand of Father
Christ sat down at the right hand of God and on his throne. Now we can be seated with him in heavenly places!
1 Introduction to the Sword in Early Christianity and Islam
This series contrasts the ministry of Jesus and his view of the sword with the life of Muhammad and use of the sword. Then the series contrasts earliest Christian leaders and their view on the sword with the earliest Muslims leaders’s use of it. The two religions are not the same.
2 The Mission of Jesus and the Sword
In our comparative study of the two religions of Christianity and Islam, we begin with the mission of Jesus, since he lived about 600 years before Muhammad. The next part in the series, the Mission of Muhammad, is designed to mirror this one you’re reading now.
3 The Mission of Muhammad and the Sword
This article is designed to be compared with the previous one about Jesus and his mission. It has a chronological timeline of Muhammad’s comnquests.
4 The Gospels and the Sword
This article is designed to be contrasted with the next one about the sword in the Quran, in our comparative study of the two religions.
5 The Quran and the Sword
This article should be contrasted with the previous one about the Gospels and the sword, in our comparative study of the two religions.
6 Two Kinds of Swords
In this one article in the series, the two religions are placed side by side, so to speak. The two religions are very different.
7 The Early Church and the Sword
Did they pick up swords to stop the persecution and control nonconformists? This article is designed to be contrasted with the next one about the sword in the early Muslim community, in our comparative study of the two religions.
8 The Early Muslim Community and the Sword
During his lifetime, Muhammad set the genetic code, and the first four caliphs followed his example. They actually used the sword. Contrast this use with the non-use in earliest Christianity.
9 The Sword and the Jews in Early Christianity and Islam
In this comparative study of the two religions, Jesus and his early followers and Muhammad and the earliest Muslims had interaction with Jews, whose Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament) is the foundation of Christianity and strongly influenced Islam, since the Quran very often refers to Biblical stories and characters.
10 Martyrdom and the Sword in Early Christianity and Islam
This article covers martyrdom by the sword in our comparative study of the two religions, in their origins.
11 Q and A on the Sword in Early Christianity and Islam
This article covers and reviews topics left unanswered in the rest of this series.
12 Conclusion to Series: Sword in Early Christianity and Islam
This article is the final one in the series, which was a comparative study of the two religions. Here, at last, we summarize, with some analysis, the major differences between the two religions, side by side, so to speak. They are not the same–not even close.
Muhammad’s ‘Peaceful,’ ‘Non-Assassinations’ of Mockers
The meme is still out there. Islam is the religion of peace, nothing but peace, and the whole peace. It is time to tell the truth about Islam–or maintain the truth about it. The title of the post is ironic. He really did kill mockers.
Matthew 10:34 Contrasted with Quran 9:123
Muslim polemicists frequently quote Matthew 10:34, which mentions a sword, drawing a parallel between Christianity and Islam: They reason: Jesus and Muhammad both endorse jihad, so why would Christians today complain about it in Islam? However, their reasoning is deadly misinformed. Real violence is in the Quran.
The Ultimate Goal of Islam
Islamic terrorism may eventually be defeated in its large manifestations, like the one we saw on 9/11, but built into earliest Islam is an ultimate goal—what is it, according to the Quran, the Hadith (Muhammad’s words and deeds outside of the Quran), and Muhammad’s life?
Islam’s Belated Militant and Mystical Claim on Jerusalem
Three faiths have claimed ownership over Jerusalem: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Yet plain and ancient history favors Jewish ownership over the holy city.
1. Titles of Jesus: Rabbi and Teacher
But was he more than that?
2. Titles of Jesus: The Prophet
It reveals his (sinless) human nature with the anointing of God coming on him.
3. Titles of Jesus: The Son of David and the Messiah
They’re both Messianic titles, but they have nuances that need to be explored.
4. Titles of Jesus: The Son of Man
This title denotes his human nature, but also his divine nature. The phrase could be translated as “Son of Humanity.”
5. Titles of Jesus: The Lord
This title often means more than “sir’ or ‘my lord.’ It can mean the LORD in the Old Testament. A table of references in the Old Testament and New Testament is included.
6. Titles of Jesus: The Son of God
What does that title mean?
7. Titles of Jesus: The King
But he was not a king in the mold of Caesar. He was called first to conquer invisible, spiritual dark forces, and your heart by love. In the near future, the worldly kingdoms are going down in defeat, visible for all to see.
8. Titles of Jesus: The ‘I Am’
Does “I am” mean just the first person being verb as we may use it of ourselves (“I am a human”)? Or does it have reference to the Old Testament and the great ‘I AM’??
Do I Really Know God? He Is Glorious
The Old Testament reality of God’s glory is carried forward into the New Testament. God communicates this attribute with us, in manifesting his presence, even visibly sometimes.
Don’t Legalize Recreational or Medical Marijuana
–“We will use [medical marijuana] as a red herring to give marijuana a good name”–
Keith Stroup in 1979, then head of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) (qtd. in Sabet 55)
Do I Really Know God? He Is Beautiful
God’s attribute of beauty flows out of his goodness, glory and light, and shines on all of his creation and his highest creation—us.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Majestic
It is closely related to glory. He is great, splendid, triumphant, dignified, and awesome.
Truth over Feelings? The Battle for America’s Mind
What is the root or basis of the battle? Knowing that answer can make us wise about the tactics of the left.
America the Beautiful: Ten Accusations against Her and Replies
A certain side of the political spectrum–the left–constantly attacks her. They base their criticism on bad or incomplete information. Enough is enough. This post includes a leftwing satirical rewrite of a treasured song.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Perfect
We now begin the “Summary” attributes (perfection, blessedness, beauty, majesty, and glory), which means they complement and summarize and are comprehensive of the previous ones. They are capstones, so to speak.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Blessed
This attribute means God knows himself in all his absolute perfections and takes calm delight in who he is. He exists and lives in totally and absolutely perfect blessedness.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Sovereign and Free
No one tells him what to do or bosses him around or forces his hand. He is large and in charge. His will shall prevail in the end. How does human free will interact with this?
Do I Really Know God? He Is Jealous
If your child were under attack, what would you do? That (imperfect) surge of protection that you feel comes close to the biblical definition of (perfect) jealousy in God. It’s about his protection over you.
Do I Really Know God? He Shows Wrath
It is an unpleasant topic until we understand it. Then it makes sense. God wrath is judicial. Think of an old English judge who wears a white wig.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Righteous and Just
This is one of God’s moral attributes or perfections, and it is communicable to us because we are made in the image of God and because he graces us with the capacity to do them, though imperfectly. We’re humans, after all.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Holy
This word is scary for some and delightful for others. Where do you stand?
Do I Really Know God? He Is the God of Peace
We can see peace in the larger society and inner peace for each individual. We must receive it by faith in Christ.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Patient
Without it, we would be doomed because we would get what we deserved—quickly.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Gracious
Gracious literally means “full of grace.” God cannot stop being gracious and showing us favor. It is in his very nature and being.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Love
“God is love” (1 John 4:6, 16). But what does that mean? What does it look like?
‘Fatal’ Flaws in ‘Death Roe’
They are certainly fatal for the babies. Roe v. Wade (1973) needs to be critiqued yet again, since it is so crucial.
Deconstructing Roe v. Wade
One of the few benefits of deconstruction is that it takes down overwrought orthodoxy. Roe v. Wade has achieved a divine status, like a textual god. But it’s possible to expose its feet of clay.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Compassionate and Merciful
He takes pity on you to deliver you or set you free. Only Jesus demonstrated the verb “to show compassion.”
Do I Really Know God? He Is Good
He is good all the time and can never stop being good. It is in his very being. No matter your circumstances, he is still good. In Scripture, goodness is both moral and material—good things.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Truth
This means that God’s words are true, he is faithful, his character is trustworthy, and his promises will be fulfilled.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Wise
Since God is infinite and wise, he is infinitely wise. We can trust him to see us through difficult and confusing times.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Invisible
Some biblical verses say God cannot be seen, but other verses seem to say he can be seen. How can we reconcile them?
Do I Really Know God? He Is Spirit
This means he is immaterial or nonphysical.
Do I Really Know God? He Is Omnipotent
This means he is all powerful and sovereign. He is able to do everything according to his holy will and whatever is not a moral or essential contradiction.
Dr. Jim's Essential Bible Teaching 